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Democratizing Innovation
Eric von Hippel (2005)

Book Index

3M Corporation 62, 490, 507-539, 548

Achilladelis, B. 405

Agency costs 28-29, 167-182

Aghion, P. 176

Albernathy, W. 657

Allen, R. 40, 295, 312, 323-324

Allen, T. 241

Amiable, T. 237

Antelman, K. 331

Antorini, Y. 648

Apache web server software 26, 83, 144-160, 299, 308-310, 373-376

Arora, A. 265, 316

Arrow, K. 333

Arundel, A. 316

Awad, N. 622

Bakke, G. 545

Balachandra, R 404

Baldwin, C. 209-233, 345

Barclay, I. 404

Barnes, B. 184

Baron, J. 241

Behlendorf, B. 471

Benkler, Y. 49, 426

Berners-Lee, T. 548

Bessen, J. 176, 425

Bijker, W. 68, 502, 642

Boldrin, M. 426

Brand communities 648

Bresnahan, T. 440

Brooks, F. 346

Brown, J. 647

Buenstorf, G. 276

Campbell, D. 511

Carson, R. 153

Chamberlin, E. 410

Christensen, C. 547-549

Churchill, J. 502

Clark, K. 233, 345

Coase, R. 211, 222

Cohen, W. 257, 316

Connell, J. 564

Conner, K. 369

Consumers 71-76

Contracting 176

Conway, C. 573

Cook, T. 511

Copyrights 10,
See Intellectual property rights, 10

Csikszentmihalyi, M. 237

Custom products 24, 27, 28, 57, 59, 60, 121, 139, 144, 165, 185, 189, 279, 345, 434, 444, 447, 464, 474, 475, 476, 548, 551, 606, 639, 642,
agency costs and, 27,
Apache web server software and, 144,
heterogeneity of user needs and, 24, 27, 121, 279, 345, 464, 606,
innovation and, 474,
manufacturers and, 27, 57, 60, 185, 189, 434, 474, 548, 551,
market segmentation and, 139,
product platforms and, 59, 476, 639,
suppliers and, 475,
toolkits and, 59, 551,
users and, 28, 57, 121, 165, 444, 447, 548, 639, 642

Dam, K. 333

Danneels, E. 548

Dasgupta, P. 623

David, P. 623

de Fraja, G. 325

Dellarocas C. 622

Digital Millennium Copyright Act 50, 436

Duguid, P. 647

Duke, R. 206

Economic benefit, expectations of by lead users 4, 10, 10, 17-23, 28, 81-82, 120, 185, 205, 475, 479,
by manufacturers, 10, 10, 28, 185, 205, 475, 479,
by users, 4, 185, 205, 475, 479

Ehrenkrantz Group 206

Eisenberg, R. 423-424

Elrod, T. 404

Enos, J. 79

Ettrich, M. 431

Fetchmail 377-381

Finkelstein, S. 40, 297, 506

Fleming, L. 345

Foray, D. 68, 289, 626-628

Franke, N. 21-26, 40, 45, 76-77, 83, 103-114, 141-161, 149, 251, 298, 383, 390, 391, 394, 502, 606

Free revealing of innovation information 37, 38, 40, 46, 48, 51, 54, 69, 290, 293, 295, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 303, 312, 313, 319, 321, 323, 326, 329-331, 333, 334, 336, 337, 397, 407, 411, 441, 444, 455, 459, 460, 478, 618, 623,
and information diffusion, 303,
and library information search system, 297,
and open source software, 299, 323, 326,
and sports equipment, 298,
case for, 37, 301,
collective action model for, 46, 51, 334,
collective invention and, 295,
copyright protection and, 319, 333,
evidence of, 37, 290, 312,
free revealing and, 69,
government policy and, 441,
in information communities, 37, 51, 397, 618, 623,
incentives for, 321,
innovation and, 455, 459, 478,
intellectual property rights and, 37, 51, 411, 478,
lead users and, 407, 444,
manufacturers and, 38, 48, 300,
open source software and, 40, 336,
patent protection and, 313,
patents and, 333,
private-collective model for, 46, 337, 397,
social welfare and, 411, 441,
trade secrecy and, 333,
users and, 37, 51, 54, 290, 407, 460

Free software 32, 45, 343, 346, 359-369,
See also Open source software, 32

Freeman, C. 79

Friar, J. 404

Friedman, D. 335

Gallini, N. 422

Gambardella, A. 265, 316

Gemünden, H. 474, 656

General Electric 483

Government policy 10, 12, 41, 47, 49, 398-442, 399, 399, 403, 411, 411, 414, 417, 419, 420, 423, 425, 426, 433, 434, 437, 439, 478, 486, 633,
and national competitive advantage, 633,
and social welfare, 12,
copyrights and, 49, 426,
distribution channels and, 437,
free revealing and, 411, 478,
intellectual commons and, 420,
intellectual property rights and, 414, 417, 478, 486,
manufacturer innovation and, 10, 399, 403, 434,
patent thickets and, 49, 425,
patents and, 49, 417,
provisioning biases and, 411, 417,
R&D subsidies and, 439,
See also Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 12,
social welfare and, 47, 399, 433,
trade secrets and, 41, 414, 419, 433, 478,
user innovation and, 12, 47, 398, 423

Green, P. 140

Greenstein, S. 440

Griffith, S. 385, 462

Grimm, C. 369

Gum, E. 599-604

Hackers 32, 361-365, 368-369

Hall, B. 315, 425

Hanson, C. 432, 455

Harhoff, D. 294, 303, 315, 318

Harsh, M. 483

Hecker, F. 471

Heller, M. 423-424

Henkel, J. 40, 48, 294, 300, 303, 318, 328, 345, 399, 411, 414, 479

Herrmann, S. 32, 236

Herstatt, C. 76-77, 130-137, 275-287, 474, 544, 656

Hertel, G. 32, 236

Hienerth, C. 474, 656

Hirschleifer, J. 323

Hollander, S. 78

Honscheid, J. 6

Horgan, M. 6

Horwich, M. 643

Hunt, R. 425

IBM 297, 485

iHarhoff, D. 327-328

Information asymmetries 34-37, 175, 254-285, 408, 555-565

Information commons 5, 51, 67, 290-303, 321-328, 354-357, 615, 616-624, 640-648,
See also Information communities, 5,
See also Innovation communities, 5

Information communities 67, 615, 616-624,
See also Innovation communities, 67

innovation 18,
attractiveness of, 18

Innovation 14, 35, 38, 103, 344, 348, 398, 421, 444, 548,
and government policy, 398,
and sporting equipment, 103,
distributed process of, 38, 344, 548,
functional sources of, 14, 35, 348, 548,
lead users and, 444,
open source software and, 421,
See also Innovation communities, 14

Innovation communities 30, 31, 43-46, 45, 46, 57-58, 58, 67-69, 341-397, 346, 353, 359, 363, 373, 377, 382, 383, 384, 387, 388, 390, 430-432, 455, 466, 478-481, 485, 485, 488, 639, 640, 648,
and sources of innovation, 46, 67, 346, 353, 478,
Apache web server software and, 373,
brand and, 648,
fetchmail and, 377,
innovation and, 341,
kitesurfing and, 58, 384, 387,
open source software and, 45, 57, 359, 363, 455, 466, 478, 485, 639,
physical products and, 45, 57, 382,
See also Information communities, 30,
social welfare, and, 31,
sociology of, 640,
sources of innovation and, 485,
sporting equipment and, 45, 383, 390,
user-to-user assistance and, 388

Innovation process 32, 34, 120, 165-168, 234-238, 452-455, 459-464

Intellectual commons 429-442

Intellectual property rights 10, 38, 40, 41, 49, 49, 51, 67, 290, 305, 313, 314, 318, 319, 333, 364, 411, 414, 417, 419, 419, 421, 425, 426, 429, 429, 431, 433, 478, 623,
copyrights and, 10, 41, 49, 305, 314, 319, 333, 364, 421, 426,
free revealing and, 38, 41, 51, 290, 411, 478,
information communities and, 51, 67, 623,
innovation and, 10, 67,
intellectual commons and, 429,
licensing of, 41, 49, 318, 364, 429, 431,
open source software and, 40,
patent thickets and, 49, 425,
patents and, 41, 49, 305, 313, 314, 417,
See also Private-collective innovation, 10,
trade secrets and, 41, 305, 333, 414, 419, 419, 433, 478

Jensen, M. 29, 168

Jeppesen, L. 390, 414, 481-482, 556

Jokisch, M. 479

Katz, R. 565

Kelly, C. 275

Kelman, A. 404

Kitesurfing 58, 343, 384-385, 387, 460-464, 639

Kline, R. 644-646

Knight, K. 78

Knowledge, production and distribution of 68, 624, 625-632

Kotabe, M. 272

Kristensen, P. 559

Lakhani, K 308, 309, 620

Lakhani, K. 32, 236, 326, 326, 397

Lead users 17-23, 60-119, 62, 64, 74, 75, 76, 80, 81, 83, 87, 87, 90, 91, 102, 103, 110, 115, 119, 120, 129, 144, 297, 444, 473, 474, 489-548, 490, 494, 505, 507, 508, 548, 610,
3M and, 62, 490, 507, 548,
Apache web server software and, 76, 83, 144,
characteristics of, 17, 494,
commercial attractiveness of, 17, 90, 102, 110, 119,
economic benefit, expectations of, 17, 81, 120,
idea generation and, 60, 490, 508,
identification of, 17, 60, 489,
innovation and, 17, 60, 64, 444, 473, 489,
library information search system and, 17, 76, 83, 91, 129, 297,
manufacturers and, 103, 473,
mountain biking and, 76,
outdoor consumer products and, 75, 76,
pipe hanger hardware and, 76,
printed circuit CAD software and, 76, 87, 87,
sporting equipment and, 74,
StataCorp statistical software and, 505,
surgical equipment and, 76, 115, 474,
theory of, 80,
toolkits and, 610

Lerner, J. 323

Lessig, L. 51, 426, 429, 438

Lettl, C. 474, 656

Levin, R. 316

Levine, D. 426

Levinthal, D. 257

Levy, S. 363, 569

Library information search system 40, 76-77, 83, 91-102, 129, 297

Lilien, G. 62, 508-534, 531

Lim, K. 40, 297

Linux 40, 299-300, 328, 431, 455, 455, 485, 485, 671

Local information 34-36, 120, 254-289, 345-346

Lopez, L. 369

Lüthje, C. 76-77, 116-117, 130-137, 275, 275-287, 281

Machlup, F. 626

Mansfield, E. 82, 255, 312-316, 404-405, 440

Manufacturers 4, 10, 10, 13, 20, 26, 27, 28, 31, 34, 38, 52, 56, 57, 60, 102, 104, 124, 139, 165, 167, 178, 185, 203, 205, 264, 300, 398, 399, 403, 434, 444, 473, 490, 494, 504, 546, 550, 551, 633, 646,
agency costs and, 167,
and national competitive advantage, 633,
characteristics of, 13,
custom products and, 28, 57, 60, 124,
dimensions-of-merit product improvements and, 550,
expectations of economic benefit by, 10, 124, 185, 205,
free revealing and, 38, 300,
government policy and, 10, 399, 403, 434,
information asymmetries of, 34, 264,
innovate-or-buy decisions and, 27,
innovation and, 4, 27, 52, 56, 102, 104, 124, 139, 165, 178, 205, 264, 398, 444, 490, 494, 504, 551, 646,
lead users and, 20, 26, 102, 104, 473, 490, 546,
social welfare and, 31,
transaction costs and, 203

Marketing research 61-62, 139-140, 492-494, 494-495, 621-622

Marples, D. 241

Martin, J. 564

Marwell, G. 335

Maurer, S. 430

McAdam, D. 335

McCool, Rob 375

Mead, L. 573

Means, R. 205

Meckling, W. 29, 168

Merges, Robert 423, 425

Merton, Robert 623

Meyer, M. 369

Microsoft 51, 51, 376, 477, 567

Midgely, David 83, 97

Mishina, K. 297

MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory 363-364

Mitchell, R. 153

Molin, M. 481

Mollick, Ethan 487

Morrison, Pamela 21, 40, 76-77, 83-102, 97, 129, 297, 508-534, 531

Mountain biking 76-77, 130-137, 275-287, 345

Muniz, A. 648

Narver, J. 547

National competitive advantage 633-639,
See also Government policy, 633

Nelson, R. 258, 423, 425, 634

Niedner, S. 236

Nuvolari, A. 40, 296

O'Guinn, T. 648

Ogawa, S. 35, 272-273, 405

Oliver, P. 335

Olson, E. 545

Olson, M. 334-335

Open source software 40, 45, 299, 323, 326, 343, 346, 359, 360, 363, 416, 421, 429, 455, 466, 478, 629, 631, 639, 639, 641, 641, 647,
free revealing and, 40, 299, 323, 326,
innovation and, 360, 466, 478,
innovation communities and, 45, 343, 346, 359, 363, 416, 421, 455, 466, 478, 639, 641,
intellectual commons and, 429,
intellectual property rights and, 40, 429,
knowledge and, 629, 631,
See also Free software communities and, 40

oray, D. 420, 422

Ostrom, E. 335

Outdoor products 75, 76-77

Pavitt, K. 79

Penning, C. 276

Perens, B. 365

Pinch, T. 68, 642-646

Pine, J. 609

Pipe hanger hardware 76-77, 544

Polanyi, M. 256

Poolton, J. 404

Porter, M. 68, 634-639

Pottinger, T. 645

Prahalad, C. 369

Printed circuit CAD software 76-77, 87-90, 543, 639

Private-collective model 46, 337-340, 397

Product development 10-12, 615, 649-659

Project SAPPHO 405

Prügl, R. 502, 606

Punj, G. 139, 149

Raymond, E. 40, 42, 323, 346, 361, 365, 370, 378-381, 471

Redmond, W. 404

Reisinger, H. 25, 141

Riggs, W. 266, 349

Roberts, J. 40, 83, 92-95, 97, 129, 297

Rosenberg, N. 79, 258

Rothwell, R. 405

SAPPHO study 405

Sattler, H. 316

Schaffer, C. 140

Schau, H. 648

Schmidt, G. 645

Schmookler, J. 82

Schrage, M. 569

Schreier, M. 606

Scientific instruments 266-275, 345, 349

Scotchmer, S. 422

Searls, K. 508-534, 531

Shafer, L. 564

Shah, S. 5, 8, 40, 45, 79, 103-114, 298, 318, 349, 383, 390, 391, 394, 474, 656

Shapiro, C. 49, 425

Silberston, Z. 316

Singleton, S. 335

Slater, S. 547

Slaughter, S. 191-207, 232, 235

Smith, A. 79

Smith, G. 369

Social welfare 12, 31, 46, 47, 334, 337, 397, 399, 410, 443,
and government policy, 47,
free revealing and, 334,
government policy, 399,
government policy and, 12,
innovation and, 12, 410, 443,
manufacturer innovation and, 31,
private-collective model and, 46, 337, 397,
user innovation and, 12, 31

Sonnack, M. 508-534

Spaeth, S. 370

Spence, M. 411

Sporting equipment 74, 79, 103, 298, 345, 349, 390, 656,
free revealing and, 298,
innovation communities and, 345, 349, 390,
lead users and, 74, 79, 103, 656,
user-to-user assistance and, 390

Stallman, R. 364-366

Stanley, L. 5

StataCorp statistical software 478-480, 488, 505

Stewart, D. 139, 149

Sticky information 34-36, 64, 116, 214, 252-263, 266, 345, 405, 550, 557, 655,
and scientific instruments, 266,
dimensions-of-merit product improvements and, 550,
innovation and, 34, 64, 214, 252, 345, 405, 550,
toolkits and, 116, 557, 655

Stressed-skin panels 191-207, 232, 235

Suppliers 14, 475-477

Surgical equipment 76-77, 115-119, 407, 656

Suzlanski, G. 255

Task partitioning 54-59, 565-575,
See also Toolkits, 54

Taylor, C. 316

Taylor, M. 335

Technical communities 615, 617-618, 640-648

Technicon Corporation 297, 506

Tedd, L. 92

Teece, D. 255

Thies, S. 479

Thomke, S. 241, 249-251, 475, 502, 513, 556, 565

Tirole, J. 176, 323, 413

Toolkits 54, 59, 63-65, 64, 371, 476-483, 478, 483, 488, 551-613, 552, 555, 556, 557, 558, 570, 573, 576, 579, 585, 589, 596, 599, 610, 639,
characteristics of, 552, 573, 576,
GE and, 483, 556,
innovation and, 551,
International Flavors and Fragrances and, 556,
lead users and, 610,
manufacturers and, 54, 555,
module libraries for, 596,
Nestlé and, 599,
open source software and, 371,
platform products and, 59, 64, 476, 639,
solution spaces and, 585,
StataCorp and, 478, 488,
sticky information and, 557,
task partitioning, 54, 570,
trial-and-error learning in, 558, 579,
user-friendly tools for, 54, 555, 589,
users and, 54, 557

Transaction costs 165-168, 167, 184-235, 424,
See also Agency costs, 167

Trevithick, R. 296

Trial-and-error problem solving 240-251, 558, 569-584, 606

Tripsas, M. 474

Tyre, M. 241, 259-263, 559

Ulin, D. 184

Urban, G. 76-77, 87-88, 543

User need 24-26, 27-30, 51, 54, 121-163, 279-285, 345, 444-447, 464-466, 606-609

Users 4, 10, 13, 24, 27, 27, 32, 33, 34, 34, 37, 44, 46, 51, 54, 56, 57, 60, 69, 78, 119, 120, 121, 144, 164, 165, 167, 175, 178, 184, 234, 239, 254, 275, 279, 290, 344, 345, 345, 388, 398, 399, 408, 411, 440, 444, 447, 455, 474, 485, 488, 489, 551, 551, 623, 625, 633, 639, 646, 655,
agency costs and, 27, 167,
and paying for innovations, 144, 165,
characteristics of, 13,
co-invention and, 440,
custom products and, 57, 60, 121, 474, 639,
expectations of economic benefit by, 4,
free revealing by, 37, 51, 69, 290, 623,
government policy and, 10, 398,
information asymmetries of, 34, 175, 254, 408,
information communities and, 623,
innovate-or-buy decisions by, 24, 164, 275, 345, 455, 655,
innovation and, 4, 54, 56, 121, 164, 178, 239, 344, 398, 444, 485, 489, 551, 646,
innovation communities and, 44, 388, 488,
innovation process and, 32, 34, 119, 165, 234, 455,
knowledge and, 625,
low-cost innovation niches of, 33, 120, 239, 345, 655,
national competitive advantage and, 633,
needs of, 24, 27, 121, 279,
paying for innovations and, 447,
process improvements by, 78,
See also Lead users, 4,
social welfare and, 46, 399, 411,
toolkits and, 551,
transaction costs and, 167, 184

users and 474-475

Utterback, J. 657

Van der Plas, R. 275

Varian, H. 50, 435

von Hippel, E. 21-26, 40, 46, 48, 76-77, 79-102, 129-163, 241, 251, 255-318, 339, 349, 443-488, 475, 502-548, 556-565, 620, 638, 651

von Krogh, G. 46, 330-340, 370

Wagner, S. 404-405

Watt, J. 296

Weber, S. 68, 431, 629, 631

Wellman, B. 355

Wenger, E. 647

Wikipedia 67, 620

Wind, Y. 139

windsurfing 5, 8-9

Windsurfing 474, 656

Winter, S. 255

Wolf, B. 32, 236, 326

Young, G. 369

Zeroprestige.com 385, 462-463

Zhang, X. 622

Ziedonis, R. 425



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